Elastomeric compositions

ABSTRACT

The present invention includes compositions suitable for tire treads or sidewalls and other articles where abrasion resistance and flexibility are desirable. The invention includes a tire tread or sidewall made by combining a filler; a sulfur cure system; optionally at least one secondary rubber; and at least one halogenated terpolymer of C 4  to C 8  isoolefin derived units, C 4  to C 14  multiolefin derived units, and p-alkylstyrene derived units. Examples of suitable fillers include carbon black, silica, and combinations thereof. The present invention also includes a method of producing an elastomeric terpolymer composition comprising combining in a diluent C 4  to C 8  isoolefin monomers, C 4  to C 14  multiolefin monomers, and p-alkylstyrene monomers in the presence of a Lewis acid and at least one initiator to produce the terpolymer. Examples of suitable initiators include cumyl compounds and or halogenated organic compounds, especially secondary or tertiary halogenated compounds such as, for example, t-butylchloride, 2-acetyl-2-phenylpropane (cumyl acetate), 2-methoxy 2-phenyl propane (cumylmethyl-ether), 1,4-di(2-methoxy-2-propyl)benzene (di(cumylmethyl ether)); the cumyl halides, particularly the chlorides, such as, for example 2-chloro-2-phenylpropane, cumyl chloride (1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene), 1,4-di(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene (di(cumylchloride)), and 1,3,5-tri(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene (tri(cumylchloride)); the aliphatic halides, particularly the chlorides, such as, for example, 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl), and 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPBr).

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a National Stage Application of International Application No. PCT/US02/39433, filed Dec. 9, 2002, which claims the benefit of Provisional Application No. 60/339,966, filed Dec. 10, 2001.

FIELD OF INVENTION

The present invention relates to compositions of isobutylene-based terpolymers. More particularly, the invention relates to terpolymer compositions, wherein the terpolymer includes isoolefin derived units, styrenic derived units, and multiolefin derived units, the compositions being useful in tires, particularly in tire treads and tire sidewalls.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Isobutylene-based terpolymers including isoolefin, styrenic, and multiolefin derived units have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,948,868, U.S. Pat. No. 4,779,657; and WO 01/21672. To be useful in, for example, a tire tread or tire sidewall as part of a multi-component automobile tire, the terpolymer must desirably be both sulfur curable, and compatible with other rubbers such as natural rubber and polybutadiene. Further, in order to serve as a tire tread, the terpolymer compositions must possess abrasion resistance as well as traction. These properties are often difficult to achieve together, as improving one can often diminish the other.

Improving the traction properties of tire treads without sacrificing tread wear is thus highly desirable. Use of isobutylene-based elastomers in blends with hydrocarbon diene-elastomers often serves to increase tangent delta values at temperatures at or below about 0° C. (predicting potential improvements in tire wet and winter traction). However, lab abrasion resistance is often decreased, predicting poorer tread wear. Use of isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene copolymers increases the compatibility of isobutylene-based elastomers with hydrocarbon elastomers. Yet, co-vulcanization is still not achieved to a sufficiently high degree and lab abrasion resistance is still not at levels of NR, SBR and the like. Thus compound abrasion resistance still needs to be further increased for isobutylene-based elastomer blends, while maintaining the potential traction benefits of the polymer.

It is unexpected that the incorporation of a multiolefin derived unit in a isobutylene/p-methylstyrene backbone would contribute to both improved traction and abrasion properties in elastomer compositions. Yet, the inventors here demonstrate, among other things, the practical use of certain isoolefinic terpolymers that incorporate multiolefins. More particularly, it has been discovered that these terpolymers are useful in blends with natural rubber and the like due to improved traction and abrasion performance, thus making these compositions useful in tire treads and sidewalls.

Other background references include U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,560,458 and 5,556,907 and EP 1 215 241 A.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes compositions suitable for tire treads and other articles where abrasion resistance, traction and flexibility are desirable. The invention includes a tire tread made from a composition of at least one (i.e., one or more) filler; a sulfur cure system; and optionally at least one secondary rubber; and at least one halogenated terpolymer of C₄ to C₈ isoolefin derived units, C₄ to C₁₄ multiolefin derived units, and p-alkylstyrene derived units. In one embodiment, the terpolymer is halogenated. Examples of suitable fillers include carbon black, silica, and combinations thereof.

The present invention also includes a method of producing an elastomeric terpolymer composition comprising combining in a diluent, having a dielectric constant of at least 6 in one embodiment, and at least 9 in another embodiment; C₄ to C₈ isoolefin monomers, C₄ to C₁₄ multiolefin monomers, and p-alkylstyrene monomers in the presence of a Lewis acid and at least one initiator to produce the terpolymer. Examples of suitable initiators include t-butylchloride, 2-acetyl-2-phenylpropane (cumyl acetate), 2-methoxy-2-phenyl propane (cumylmethyl-ether), 1,4-di(2-methoxy-2-propyl)benzene (di(cumylmethyl ether)); the cumyl halides, particularly the chlorides, such as, for example 2-chloro-2-phenylpropane, cumyl chloride (1-chloro-1-methylethyl)benzene), 1,4-di(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene (di(cumylchloride)), and 1,3,5-tri(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene (tri(cumylchloride)); the aliphatic halides, particularly the chlorides, such as, for example, 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPCl), 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMPBr), and 2,6-dichloro-2,4,4,6-tetramethylheptane; cumyl and aliphatic hydroxyls such as 1,4-di((2-hydroxyl-2-propyl)-benzene), 2,6-dihydroxyl-2,4,4,6-tetramethyl-heptane, 1-chloroadamantane and 1-chlorobornane, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-di(1-chloro-1-methyl ethyl) benzene and similar compounds or mixtures of such compounds as listed above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a plot of tangent delta (G″/G′) values as a function of temperature for example 10 (BrIBMS), 12 (BrIBIMS), 14 (SBB) and 16 (SBR), all including in the composition carbon black, NR and BR.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention includes a method of making isobutylene-based terpolymers including isobutylene derived units, styrenic derived units, and multiolefin derived units, and compositions of these terpolymers and halogenated terpolymers. The terpolymers of the present invention can be made via carbocationic polymerization processes using a mixture of at least the monomers, a Lewis acid catalyst, an initiator, and a diluent. The polymerization is typically carried out either in slurry or in solution. The copolymerization reactor is maintained substantially free of impurities which can complex with the catalyst, the initiator, or the monomers. Anhydrous conditions are preferred and reactive impurities, such as components containing active hydrogen atoms (water, alcohol and the like) are desirably removed from both the monomer and diluents by techniques well-known in the art.

As used herein, the term “catalyst system” refers to and includes any Lewis Acid or other metal complex used to activate the polymerization of olefinic monomers, as well as the initiator described below, and other minor catalyst components described herein.

As used herein, the term “polymerization system” includes at least the catalyst system, diluent, the monomers and reacted monomers (polymer) within the butyl-type reactor. A “butyl-type” reactor refers to any suitable reactor such as a small, laboratory scale, batch reactor or a large plant scale reactor. One embodiment of such a reactor is a continuous flow stirred tank reactor (“CFSTR”) is found in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,930. In these reactors, slurry (reacted monomers) is circulated through tubes of a heat exchanger by a pump, while boiling ethylene on the shell side provides cooling, the slurry temperature being determined by the boiling ethylene temperature, the required heat flux and the overall resistance to heat transfer.

As used herein, the term “diluent” means one or a mixture of two or more substances that are liquid or gas at room temperature and atmospheric pressure that can act as a reaction medium for polymerization reactions.

As used herein, the term “slurry” refers to reacted monomers that have polymerized to a stage that they have precipitated from the diluent. The slurry “concentration” is the weight percent of these reacted monomers—the weight percent of the reacted monomers by total weight of the slurry, diluent, unreacted monomers, and catalyst system.

The term “elastomer” may be used interchangeably with the terms “rubber”, as used herein, and is consistent with the definition in ASTM 1566.

As used herein, the new numbering scheme for the Periodic Table Groups are used as in HAWLEY'S CONDENSED CHEMICAL DICTIONARY 852 (13th ed. 1997).

As described herein, polymers and copolymers of monomers are referred to as polymers or copolymers including or comprising the corresponding monomer “derived units”. Thus, for example, a copolymer formed by the polymerization of isoprene and isobutylene monomers may be referred to as a copolymer of isoprene derived units and isobutylene derived units.

As used herein the term “butyl rubber” is defined to mean a polymer predominately comprised of repeat units derived from isoolefins such as isobutylene but including repeat units derived from a multiolefin such as isoprene; and the term “terpolymer” is used to describe a polymer including isoolefin derived units, multiolefin derived units, and styrenic derived units.

As used herein, the term “styrenic” refers to any styrene or substituted styrene monomer unit. By substituted, it is meant substitution by at least one substituent selected from, for example, halogen (chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine), amino, nitro, sulfoxy (sulfonate or alkyl sulfonate), thiol, alkylthiol, and hydroxy; alkyl, straight or branched chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; alkoxy, straight or branched chain alkoxy having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, secondary butoxy, tertiary butoxy, pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptryloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, and decyloxy; haloalkyl, which means straight or branched chain alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which is substituted by at least one halogen, and includes, for example, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, fluoromethyl, iodomethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-chloropropyl, 3-bromopropyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 4-fluorobutyl, dichloromethyl, dibromomethyl, difluoromethyl, diiodomethyl, 2,2-dichloroethyl, 2,2-dibromomethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 3,3-dichloropropyl, 3,3-difluoropropyl, 4,4-dichlorobutyl, 4,4-difluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, 4,4-difluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl.

As used herein, the term “substituted aryl” means phenyl, naphthyl and other aromatic groups, substituted by at least one substituent selected from, for example, halogen (chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine), amino, nitro, sulfoxy (sulfonate or alkyl sulfonate), thiol, alkylthiol, and hydroxy; alkyl, straight or branched chain having 1 to 20 carbon atoms; alkoxy, straight or branched chain alkoxy having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and includes, for example, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, secondary butoxy, tertiary butoxy, pentyloxy, isopentyloxy, hexyloxy, heptryloxy, octyloxy, nonyloxy, and decyloxy; haloalkyl, which means straight or branched chain alkyl having 1 to 20 carbon atoms which is substituted by at least one halogen, and includes, for example, chloromethyl, bromomethyl, fluoromethyl, iodomethyl, 2-chloroethyl, 2-bromoethyl, 2-fluoroethyl, 3-chloropropyl, 3-bromopropyl, 3-fluoropropyl, 4-chlorobutyl, 4-fluorobutyl, dichloromethyl, dibromomethyl, difluoromethyl, diiodomethyl, 2,2-dichloroethyl, 2,2-dibromomethyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, 3,3-dichloropropyl, 3,3-difluoropropyl, 4,4-dichlorobutyl, 4,4-difluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, 4,4-difluorobutyl, trichloromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 2,3,3-trifluoropropyl, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl. An “aryl” group is any aromatic ring structure such as a phenyl or naphthyl group.

Butyl-type rubber is an isobutylene-based polymer produced by the polymerization reaction between isoolefin and a conjugated diene—or multiolefinic—comonomers, thus containing isoolefin-derived units and multiolefin-derived units. The terpolymers of the present invention are prepared in a manner similar to that for traditional butyl rubbers except that an additional comonomer (e.g., a styrenic monomer) is also incorporated into the polymer chains. The olefin polymerization feeds employed in connection with the catalyst and initiator system (described in more detail below) are those olefinic compounds, the polymerization of which are known to be cationically initiated. Preferably, the olefin polymerization feeds employed in the present invention are those olefinic compounds conventionally used in the preparation of butyl-type rubber polymers. The terpolymers are prepared by reacting a comonomer mixture, the mixture having at least (1) a C₄ to C₈ isoolefin monomer component such as isobutylene, (2) a styrenic monomer, and (3) a multiolefin monomer component.

The terpolymer of the present invention can be defined by ranges of each monomer derived unit. The isoolefin is in a range from at least 70 wt % by weight of the total terpolymer in one embodiment, and at least 80 wt % in another embodiment, and at least 90 wt % in yet another embodiment, and from 70 wt % to 99.5 wt % in yet another embodiment, and 85 to 99.5 wt % in another embodiment. The styrenic monomer is present from 0.5 wt % to 30 wt % by weight of the total terpolymer in one embodiment, and from 1 wt % to 25 wt % in another embodiment, and from 2 wt % to 20 wt % in yet another embodiment, and from 5 wt % to 20 wt % in yet another embodiment. The multiolefin component in one embodiment is present in the terpolymer from 30 wt % to 0.2 wt % in one embodiment, and from 15 wt % to 0.5 wt % in another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, from 8 wt % to 0.5 wt % of the terpolymer is multiolefin. Desirable embodiments of terpolymer may include any combination of any upper wt % limit combined with any lower wt % limit by weight of the terpolymer.

The isoolefin may be a C₄ to C₈ compound, in one embodiment selected from isobutylene, isobutene, 2-methyl-1-butene, 3-methyl-1-butene, 2-methyl-2-butene, and 4-methyl-1-pentene. The styrenic monomer may be any substituted styrene monomer unit, and desirably is selected from styrene, a-methylstyrene or an alkylstyrene (ortho, meta, or para), the alkyl selected from any C₁ to C₅ alkyl or branched chain alkyl. In a desirable embodiment, the styrenic monomer is p-methylstyrene. The multiolefin may be a C₄ to C₁₄ diene, conjugated or not, in one embodiment selected from isoprene, butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, myrcene, 6,6-dimethyl-fulvene, hexadiene, cyclopentadiene, methylcyclopentadiene, and piperylene.

Isomonoolefin, styrene-based monomers, and multiolefin monomers, particularly isobutylene, p-methylstyrene and isoprene, can be copolymerized under cationic conditions. See, for example, WO 00/27807 and 01/04731; U.S. Pat. No. 3,560,458, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,445. The copolymerization is carried out by means of at least one Lewis Acid catalyst. Desirable catalysts are Lewis Acids based on metals from Group 4, 13 and 15 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, including boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, titanium, zirconium, tin, vanadium, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. In one embodiment, the metals are aluminum, boron and titanium, with aluminum being desirable.

The Group 13 Lewis Acids have the general formula R_(n)MX_(3-n), wherein “M” is a Group 13 metal, R is a monovalent hydrocarbon radical selected from C₁ to C₁₂ alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, alkylaryl and cycloalkyl radicals; and n is an integer from 0 to 3; and X is a halogen independently selected from fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, preferably chlorine. The term “arylalkyl” refers to a radical containing both aliphatic and aromatic structures, the radical being at an alkyl position. The term “alkylaryl” refers to a radical containing both aliphatic and aromatic structures, the radical being at an aryl position. Nonlimiting examples of these Lewis acids include aluminum chloride, aluminum bromide, boron trifluoride, boron trichloride, ethyl aluminum dichloride (EtAlCl₂ or EADC), diethyl aluminum chloride (Et₂AlCl or DEAC), ethyl aluminum sesquichloride (Et_(1.5)AlCl_(1.5) or EASC), trimethyl aluminum, and triethyl aluminum.

The Group 4 Lewis Acids have the general formula MX₄, wherein M is a Group 4 metal and X is a ligand, preferably a halogen. Nonlimiting examples include titanium tetrachloride, zirconium tetrachloride, or tin tetrachloride.

The Group 15 Lewis Acids have the general formula MX_(y), wherein M is a Group 15 metal, X is a ligand, preferably a halogen, and y is an integer from 3 to 5. Nonlimiting examples include vanadium tetrachloride and antimony pentafluoride. In one embodiment, Lewis acids may be any of those useful in cationic polymerization of isobutylene copolymers including: AlCl₃, EADC, EASC, DEAC, BF₃, TiCl₄, etc. with EASC and EADC being desirable in one embodiment.

Catalyst efficiency (based on Lewis Acid) in a large-scale continuous slurry reactor is preferably maintained between 10000 lb. of polymer/lb. of catalyst and 300 lb. of polymer/lb. of catalyst and desirably in the range of 4000 lb. of polymer/lb. of catalyst to 1000 lb. of polymer/lb. of catalyst by controlling the molar ratio of Lewis Acid to initiator.

According to one embodiment of the invention, the Lewis Acid catalyst is used in combination with an initiator. The initiator may be described by the formula (A):

wherein X is a halogen, desirably chlorine or bromine; R₁ is selected from hydrogen, C₁ to C₈ alkyls, and C₂ to C₈ alkenyls, aryl, and substituted aryl; R₃ is selected from C₁ to C₈ alkyls, C₂ to C₈ alkenyls, aryls, and substituted aryls; and R₂ is selected from C₄ to C₂₀₀ alkyls, C₂ to C₈ alkenyls, aryls, and substituted aryls, C₃ to C₁₀ cycloalkyls, and groups represented by the following formula (B):

wherein X is a halogen, desirably chlorine or bromine; R₅ is selected from C₁ to C₈ alkyls, and C₂ to C₈ alkenyls; R₆ is selected from C₁ to C₈ alkyls, C₂ to C₈ alkenyls aryls, and substituted aryls; and R₄ is selected from phenylene, biphenyl, α,ω-diphenylalkane and —(CH₂)_(n)—, wherein n is an integer from 1 to 10; and wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ can also form adamantyl or bornyl ring systems, the X group being in a tertiary carbon position in one embodiment.

As used herein, the term “alkenyl” refers to singly or multiply-unsaturated alkyl groups such as, for example, C₃H₅ group, C₄H₅ group, etc.

Substitution of the above structural formula radical (B) for R₂ in formula (A) results in the following formula (C):

wherein X, R₁, R₃, R₄, R₅ and R₆ are as defined above. The compounds represented by structural formula (C) contain two dissociable halides.

Multifunctional initiators are employed where the production of branched copolymers is desired, while mono- and di-functional initiators are preferred for the production of substantially linear copolymers.

In one desirable embodiment, the initiator is an oligomer of isobutylene as represented in structure (D):

wherein X is a halogen, and the value of m is from 1 to 60, and mixtures thereof. In another embodiment, m is from 2 to 40. This structure is also described as a tertiary alkyl chloride-terminated polyisobutylene having a Mn up to 2500 in one embodiment, and up to 1200 in another embodiment.

Non-limiting examples of suitable initiators are cumyl esters of hydrocarbon acids, and alkyl cumyl ethers, other cumyl compounds and or halogenated organic compounds, especially secondary or tertiary halogenated compounds such as, for example, t-butyl chloride, 2-acetyl-2-phenylpropane (cumyl acetate), 2-methoxy-2-phenyl propane (cumylmethyl-ether), 1,4-di(2-methoxy-2-propyl)benzene (di(cumylmethyl ether)); the cumyl halides, particularly the chlorides, such as, for example 2-chloro-2-phenylpropane, cumyl chloride (1-chloro- 1-methylethyl)benzene), 1,4-di(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene (di(cumylchloride)), and 1,3,5-tri(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene (tri(cumylchloride)); the aliphatic halides, particularly the chlorides, such as, for example, 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (“TMPCl”), 2-bromo-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (“TMPBr”), and 2,6-dichloro-2,4,4,6-tetramethylheptane; cumyl and aliphatic hydroxyls such as 1,4-di((2-hydroxyl-2-propyl)-benzene), 2,6-dihydroxyl-2,4,4,6-tetramethyl-heptane, 1-chloroadamantane and 1-chlorobornane, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-di(1-chloro-1-methyl ethyl) benzene and similar compounds. Other suitable initiators are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,899, 3,560,458. These initiators are generally C₅ or greater tertiary or allylic alkyl or benzylic halides and may include polyfunctional initiators. Desirable examples of these initiators include: TMPCl, TMPBr, 2,6-dichloro-2,4,4,6-tetramethylheptane, cumyl chloride as well as ‘di-’ and ‘tri-’ cumyl chloride or bromide.

The selected diluent or diluent mixture should provide a diluent medium having some degree of polarity. To fulfil this requirement a mixture of nonpolar and polar diluent can be used but one or a mixture of polar diluents is preferred. Suitable nonpolar diluent components includes hydrocarbons and preferably aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof. Such compounds include, for instance, methylcyclohexane, cyclohexane, toluene, carbon disulfide and others. Appropriate polar diluents include halogenated hydrocarbons, normal, branched chain or cyclic hydrocarbons. Specific compounds include the preferred liquid diluents such as ethyl chloride, methylene chloride, methylchloride (chloromethane), CHCl₃, CCl₄, n-butyl chloride, chlorobenzene, and other chlorinated hydrocarbons. To achieve suitable polarity and solubility, it has been found that if the diluent, or diluent mixture, is a mixture of polar and nonpolar diluents, the mixture is preferably at least 70% polar component, on a volume basis.

The relative polarity of the diluent can be described in terms of the dielectric constant of the diluent. In one embodiment, the diluent has a dielectric constant (as measured at from 20 to 25° C.) of greater than 5, and greater than 6 in another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the dielectric constant of the diluent is greater than 7, and greater than 8 in yet another embodiment. In a desirable embodiment, the dielectric constant is greater than 9. Examples of dielectric constants (20-25° C.) for single diluents are: chloromethane (10), dichloromethane (8.9), carbon disulfide (2.6), toluene (2.4), and cyclohexane (2.0) as from CRC HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 6-151 to 6-173 (D. R. Line, ed., 82 ed. CRC Press 2001).

As is typically the case, product molecular weights are determined by temperature, monomer and initiator concentration, the nature of the reactants, and similar factors. Consequently, different reaction conditions will produce products of different molecular weights and/or different monomer composition in the terpolymers. Synthesis of the desired reaction product will be achieved, therefore, through monitoring the course of the reaction by the examination of samples taken periodically during the reaction, a technique widely employed in the art and shown in the examples or by sampling the effluent of a reactor.

The present invention is not herein limited by the method of making the terpolymer. The terpolymer can be produced using batch polymerization or continuous slurry polymerization, for example, and on any volume scale. The reactors that may be utilized in the practice of the present invention include any conventional reactors and equivalents thereof. Preferred reactors include those capable of performing a continuous slurry process, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,417,930. The reactor pump impeller can be of the up-pumping variety or the down-pumping variety. The reactor will contain sufficient amounts of the catalyst system of the present invention effective to catalyze the polymerization of the monomer containing feed-stream such that a sufficient amount of polymer having desired characteristics is produced. The feed-stream in one embodiment contains a total monomer concentration greater than 30 wt % (based on the total weight of the monomers, diluent, and catalyst system), greater than 35 wt % in another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the feed-stream will contain from 35 wt % to 50 wt % monomer concentration based on the total weight of monomer, diluent, and catalyst system. The bulk-phase, or phase in which the monomers and catalyst contact one another in order to react and form a polymer, may also have the same monomer concentrations.

The feed-stream or bulk-phase is substantially free from silica cation producing species in one embodiment of the invention. By substantially free of silica cation producing species, it is meant that there is no more than 0.0005 wt % based on the total weight of the monomers of silica species in the feed stream or bulk-phase. Typical examples of silica cation producing species are halo-alkyl silica compounds having the formula R₁R₂R₃SiX or R₁R₂SiX₂, etc., wherein each “R” is an alkyl and “X” is a halogen.

The reaction conditions are typically such that desirable temperature, pressure and residence time are effective to maintain the reaction medium in the liquid state and to produce the desired polymers having the desired characteristics. The monomer feed-stream is typically substantially free of any impurity which is adversely reactive with the catalyst under the polymerization conditions. For example, the monomer feed preferably should be substantially free of bases (such as K₂O, NaOH, CaCO₃ and other hydroxides, oxides and carbonates), sulfur-containing compounds (such as H₂S, COS, and organo-mercaptans, e.g., methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan), N-containing compounds, oxygen containing bases such as alcohols and the like. By “substantially free”, it is meant that the above mentioned species are present, if at all, to an extent no greater than 0.0005 wt %.

In one embodiment, the ratio of monomers contacted together in the presence of the catalyst system ranges from 98 wt % isoolefin, 1.5 wt % styrenic monomer, and 0.5 wt % multiolefin (“98/1.5/0.5”), to a 50/25/25 ratio by weight of the total amount of monomers. For example, the isoolefin monomer may be present from 50 wt % to 98 wt % by total weight of the monomers in one embodiment, and from 70 wt % to 90 wt % in another embodiment. The styrenic monomers may be present from 1.5 wt % to 25 wt % by total weight of the monomers in one embodiment, and from 5 wt % to 15 wt % in another embodiment. The multiolefin may be present from 0.5 wt % to 25 wt % by total weight of the monomers in one embodiment, and from 2 wt % to 10 wt % in another embodiment, and from 3 wt % to 5 wt % in yet another embodiment.

The polymerization reaction temperature is conveniently selected based on the target polymer molecular weight and the monomer to be polymerized as well as standard process variable and economic considerations, for example, rate, temperature control, etc. The temperature for the polymerization is between −10° C. and the freezing point of the polymerization system in one embodiment, and from −25° C. to −120° C. in another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the polymerization temperature is from −40° C. to −100° C., and from −70° C. to −100° C. in yet another embodiment. In yet another desirable embodiment, the temperature range is from −80° C. to −99° C. The temperature is chosen such that the desired polymer molecular weight is achieved, the range of which may comprise any combination of any upper limit and any lower limit disclosed herein.

The catalyst (Lewis Acid) to monomer ratio utilized are those conventional in this art for carbocationic polymerization processes. Particular monomer to catalyst ratios are desirable in continuous slurry or solution processes, wherein most any ratio is suitable for small, laboratory scale polymer synthesis. In one embodiment of the invention, the catalyst to monomer mole ratios will be from 0.10 to 20, and in the range of 0.5 to 10 in another embodiment. In yet another desirable embodiment, the ratio of Lewis Acid to initiator is from 0.75 to 2.5, or from 1.25 to 1.5 in yet another desirable embodiment. The overall concentration of the initiator is from 50 to 300 ppm within the reactor in one embodiment, and from 100 to 250 ppm in another embodiment. The concentration of the initiator in the catalyst feed stream is from 500 to 3000 ppm in one embodiment, and from 1000 to 2500 ppm in another embodiment. Another way to describe the amount of initiator in the reactor is by its amount relative to the polymer. In one embodiment, there is from 0.25 to 5.0 moles polymer/mole initiator, and from 0.5 to 3.0 mole polymer/mole initiator in another embodiment.

It is known that chlorine or bromine can react with unsaturation of the multiolefin derived units (e.g., isoprene residue units) rapidly to form halogenated polymer. Methods of halogenating polymers such as butyl polymers are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,964,489; U.S. Pat. No. 2,631,984; U.S. Pat. No. 3,099,644; U.S. Pat. No. 4,254,240; U.S. Pat. No. 4,554,326; U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,921; U.S. Pat. No. 4,650,831; U.S. Pat. No. 4,384,072; U.S. Pat. No. 4,513,116; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,681,901. Typical halogenation processes for making halobutyl rubbers involves injection of a desirable amount of chlorine or bromine into the cement (solution) of butyl rubber with the reactants being mixed vigorously in the halogenation reactor with a rather short resident time, typically less than 1 minute, following by neutralization of the HCl or HBr and any unreacted halogen. It is also well known in the art that the specific structure of the halogenated butyl rubber is complicated and is believed to depend on the halogenation condition. Most commercial bromobutyl rubbers are made under the condition that the formation of “structure III” type brominated moiety is minimized, as is the brominated terpolymer of the present invention. See, for example, Anthony Jay Dias in 5 POLYMERIC MATERIALS ENCYCLOPEDIA 3485-3492 (Joseph C. Salamone, ed., CRC Press 1996). That typically means the absence of free radical sources such as light or high temperature. Alternatively the halogenation can be carried out in polymer melt in an extruder or other rubber mixing devices in the absence of solvent.

The final level of halogen on the halogenated terpolymer, including halogen located on the polymer backbone and the styrenic moieties incorporated therein, depends on the application and desirable curing performance. The halogen content of a typical halogenated terpolymer of the present invention ranges from 0.05 wt % to 5 wt % by weight of the terpolymer in one embodiment, and from 0.2 wt % to 3 wt % in another embodiment, and from 0.8 wt % to 2.5 wt % in yet another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the amount of halogen present on the terpolymer is less than 10 wt %, and less than 8 wt % in another embodiment, and less than 6 wt % in yet another embodiment. Stated another way, the amount of halogen incorporated into the terpolymer is from less than 5 mole % in one embodiment, and from 0.1 to 2.5 mole % relative to the total moles of monomer derived units in the terpolymer in another embodiment, and from 0.2 to 2 mole % in another embodiment, and from 0.4 to 1.5 mole % in yet another embodiment. A desirable level of halogenation may include any combination of any upper wt % or mole % limit with any lower wt % or mole % limit.

In another embodiment, the halogen content on the backbone (isoprene derived units) of a typical halogenated terpolymer of the present invention ranges from 0.05 wt % to 5 wt % by weight of the terpolymer in one embodiment, and from 0.2 wt % to 3 wt % in another embodiment, and from 0.8 wt % to 25 wt % in yet another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the amount of halogen present on the terpolymer is less than 10 wt %, and less than 8 wt % in another embodiment, and less than 6 wt % in yet another embodiment. Stated another way, the amount of halogen incorporated into the terpolymer is from less than 5 mole % in one embodiment, and from 0.1 to 2.5 mole % relative to the total moles of monomer derived units in the terpolymer in another embodiment, and from 0.2 to 2 mole % in another embodiment, and from 0.4 to 1.5 mole % in yet another embodiment. A desirable level of halogenation may include any combination of any upper wt % or mole % limit with any lower wt % or mole % limit.

In yet another embodiment, the halogen content on the styrenic moieties, for example, p-methylstyrene (thus forming p-halomethylstyrene), was from 0.05 wt % to 5 wt %, and from 0.2 to 3 wt % in yet another embodiment, and from 0.2 wt % to 2 wt % in yet another embodiment, and from 0.2 wt % to1 wt % in yet another embodiment, and from 0.5 wt % to 2 wt % in yet another embodiment.

The molecular weight, number average molecular weight, etc. of the terpolymer depends upon the reaction conditions employed, such as, for example, the amount of multiolefin present in the monomer mixture initially, the ratios of Lewis Acid to initiator, reactor temperature, and other factors. The terpolymer of the present invention has a number average molecular weight (Mn) of up to 1,000,000 in one embodiment, and up to 800,000 in another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the terpolymer has an Mn of up to 400,000, and up to 300,000 in yet another embodiment, and up to 180,000 in yet another embodiment. The Mn value of the terpolymer is at least 80,000 in another embodiment, and at least 100,000 in yet another embodiment, and at least 150,000 in yet another embodiment, and at least 300,000 in yet another embodiment. A desirable range in the Mn value of the terpolymer can be any combination of any upper limit and any lower limit.

The terpolymer has a weight average molecular weight (Mw) of up to 2,000,000 in one embodiment, and up to 1,000,000 in another embodiment, and up to 800,000 in yet another embodiment, and up to 500,000 in yet another embodiment. The Mw value for the terpolymer is at least 80,000 in yet another embodiment, and at least 100,000 in another embodiment, and at least 150,000 in yet another embodiment, and at least 200,000 in yet another embodiment. The desirable range in the Mw value of the terpolymer can be any combination of any upper limit and any lower limit.

The peak molecular weight value (Mp) of the terpolymer is at least 2,000,000 in one embodiment, 100,000 another one embodiment, and at least 150,000 in another embodiment, and at least 300,000 in yet another embodiment. The Mp value of the terpolymer is up to 600,000 in another embodiment, and up to 400,000 in yet another embodiment. The desirable range in the Mp value of the terpolymer can be any combination of any upper limit and any lower limit.

The terpolymer has a molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn, or MWD) of less than 7.0 in one embodiment, and less than 4.0 in another embodiment, and from 1.5 to 3.8 in yet another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the MWD value is from 2.0 to 3.5. The value MWD can be any combination of any upper limit value and any lower limit value.

Finally, the terpolymer of the invention has a Mooney viscosity (1+8, 100° C.) of from 20 to 60 MU in one embodiment, and from 25 to 55 MU in another embodiment, and from 30 to 50 in yet another embodiment.

The terpolymer and/or halogenated terpolymer may be part of a composition including other components such as one or more secondary rubber components, a cure system, especially a sulfur cure system, at least one filler such as carbon black or silica, and other minor components common in the rubber compounding arts. The terpolymer or halogenated terpolymer may be present from 5 phr to 100 phr in the composition one embodiment, from 20 phr to 100 phr in the composition in another embodiment, and from 30 phr to 90 ph in yet another embodiment, and from 40 phr to 80 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 20 phr to 50 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 15 phr to 55 phr in yet another embodiment, and up to 100 phr in another embodiment.

Secondary Rubber Component

A secondary rubber component may be present in compositions of the present invention. These rubbers include, but are not limited to, natural rubbers, polyisoprene rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) rubber (IBR), styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber (SIBR), ethylene-propylene rubber (EPM), ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), polysulfide, nitrile rubber, propylene oxide polymers, star-branched butyl rubber and halogenated star-branched butyl rubber, brominated butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, star-branched butyl (polyisobutylene/isoprene copolymer) rubber, star-branched halognated (preferably brominated or chlorinated) butyl (polyisobutylene/isoprene copolymer) rubber; poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) and halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene), such as, for example, terpolymers of isobutylene derived units, p-methylstyrene derived units, and p-bromomethylstyrene derived units, and mixtures thereof.

A desirable embodiment of the secondary rubber component present is natural rubber. Natural rubbers are described in detail by Subramaniam in RUBBER TECHNOLOGY 179-208 (Maurice Morton, Chapman & Hall 1995). Desirable embodiments of the natural rubbers of the present invention are selected from Malaysian rubber such as SMR CV, SMR 5, SMR 10, SMR 20, and SMR 50 and mixtures thereof, wherein the natural rubbers have a Mooney viscosity at 100° C. (ML 1+4) of from 30 to 120, more preferably from 40 to 65. The Mooney viscosity test referred to herein is in accordance with ASTM D-1646.

Polybutadiene (BR) rubber is another desirable secondary rubber useful in the composition of the invention. The Mooney viscosity of the polybutadiene rubber as measured at 100° C. (ML 1+4) may range from 35 to 70, from 40 to about 65 in another embodiment, and from 45 to 60 in yet another embodiment. Some commercial examples of these synthetic rubbers useful in the present invention are NATSYN™ (Goodyear Chemical Company), and BUDENE™ 1207 or BR 1207 (Goodyear Chemical Company). A desirable rubber is high cis-polybutadiene (cis-BR). By “cis-polybutadiene” or “high cis-polybutadiene”, it is meant that 1,4-cis polybutadiene is used, wherein the amount of cis component is at least 95%. An example of high cis-polybutadiene commercial products used in the composition BUDENE™ 1207.

Rubbers of ethylene and propylene derived units such as EPM and EPDM are also suitable as secondary rubbers. Examples of suitable comonomers in making EPDM are ethylidene norbornene, 1,4-hexadiene, dicyclopentadiene, as well as others. These rubbers are described in RUBBER TECHNOLOGY 260-283 (1995). A suitable ethylene-propylene rubber is commercially available as VISTALON™ (ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston Tex.).

In another embodiment, the secondary rubber is a halogenated rubber as part of the terpolymer composition. The halogenated butyl rubber is brominated butyl rubber, and in another embodiment is chlorinated butyl rubber. General properties and processing of halogenated butyl rubbers is described in THE VANDERBILT RUBBER HANDBOOK 105-122 (Robert F. Ohm ed., R. T. Vanderbilt Co., Inc. 1990), and in RUBBER TECHNOLOGY 311-321 (1995). Butyl rubbers, halogenated butyl rubbers, and star-branched butyl rubbers are described by Edward Kresge and H. C. Wang in 8 KIRK-OTHMER ENCYCLOPEDIA OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 934-955 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 4th ed. 1993).

The secondary rubber component of the present invention includes, but is not limited to at least one or more of brominated butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, star-branched butyl rubber, star-branched halogenated (preferably brominated or chlorinated) butyl (polyisobutylene/isoprene copolymer) rubber; halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene), such as, for example, terpolymers of isobutylene derived units, p-methylstyrene derived units,- and p-bromomethylstyrene derived units (BrIBMS), and the like halomethylated aromatic interpolymers as in U.S. Pat. No. 5,162,445; U.S. Pat. No. 4,074,035; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,395,506; halogenated isoprene and halogenated isobutylene copolymers, polychloroprene, and the like, and mixtures of any of the above. Some embodiments of the halogenated rubber component are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,703,091 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,632,963.

In one embodiment of the invention, a so called semi-crystalline copolymer (“SCC”) is present as the secondary “rubber” component. Semi-crystalline copolymers are described in WO00/69966. Generally, the SCC is a copolymer of ethylene or propylene derived units and α-olefin derived units, the α-olefin having from 4 to 16 carbon atoms in one embodiment, and in another embodiment the SCC is a copolymer of ethylene derived units and α-olefin derived units, the α-olefin having from 4 to 10 carbon atoms, wherein the SCC has some degree of crystallinity. In a further embodiment, the SCC is a copolymer of 1-butene derived units and another α-olefin derived unit, the other α-olefin having from 5 to 16 carbon atoms, wherein the SCC also has some degree of crystallinity. The SCC can also be a copolymer of ethylene and styrene.

The secondary rubber component of the elastomer composition may be present in a range from up to 90 phr in one embodiment, from up to 50 phr in another embodiment, from up to 40 phr in another embodiment, and from up to 30 phr in yet another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the secondary rubber is present from at least 2 phr, and from at least 5 phr in another embodiment, and from at least 5 phr in yet another embodiment, and from at least 10 phr in yet another embodiment. A desirable embodiment may include any combination of any upper phr limit and any lower phr limit. For example, the secondary rubber, either individually or as a blend of rubbers such as, for example NR and BR, may be present from 5 phr to 90 phr in one embodiment, and from 10 to 80 phr in another embodiment, and from 30 to 70 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 40 to 60 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 5 to 50 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 5 to 40 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 20 to 60 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 20 to 50 phr in yet another embodiment, the chosen embodiment depending upon the desired end use application of the composition.

Filler

Elastomeric compositions of the invention may include one or more filler components such as calcium carbonate, clay, mica, silica and silicates, talc, titanium dioxide, starch and other organic fillers such as wood flower, and carbon black. In one embodiment, the filler is carbon black or modified carbon black. In one embodiment, the filler is reinforcing grade carbon black present at a level of from 10 to 150 phr of the composition, more preferably from 30 to 120 phr. Useful grades of carbon black are described in RUBBER TECHNOLOGY 59-85 (1995) and range from N110 to N990. More desirably, embodiments of the carbon black useful in, for example, tire treads are N229, N351, N339, N220, N234 and N110 provided in ASTM (D3037, D1510, and D3765). Embodiments of the carbon black useful in, for example, sidewalls in tires, are N330, N351, N550, N650, N660, and N762. Embodiments of the carbon black useful in, for example, innerliners or innertubes are N550, N650, N660, N762, N990, and Regal 85 (Cabot Corporation Alpharetta, Ga.) and the like.

Exfoliated clays may also be present in the composition. These clays, also referred to as “nanoclays”, are well known, and their identity, methods of preparation and blending with polymers is disclosed in, for example, JP2000109635; JP2000109605; JP11310643; DE19726278; WO98/53000; U.S. Pat. No. 5,091,462; U.S. Pat. No. 4,431,755; U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,538; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,910,523. Swellable layered clay materials suitable for the purposes of this invention include natural or synthetic phyllosilicates, particularly smectic clays such as montmorillonite, nontronite, beidellite, volkonskoite, laponite, hectorite, saponite, sauconite, magadite, kenyaite, stevensite and the like, as well as vermiculite, halloysite, aluminate oxides, hydrotalcite and the like. These layered clays generally comprise particles containing a plurality of silicate platelets having a thickness of from 4-20 Å in one embodiment, 8-12 Å in another embodiment, bound together and contain exchangeable cations such as Na⁺, Ca⁺², K⁺ or Mg⁺² present at the interlayer surfaces.

The layered clay may be intercalated and exfoliated by treatment with organic molecules (swelling agents) capable of undergoing ion exchange reactions with the cations present at the interlayer surfaces of the layered silicate. Suitable swelling agents include cationic surfactants such as ammonium, alkylamines or alkylammonium (primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary), phosphonium or sulfonium derivatives of aliphatic, aromatic or arylaliphatic amines, phosphines and sulfides. Desirable amine compounds (or the corresponding ammonium ion) are those with the structure R₁R₂R₃N, wherein R₁, R₂, and R₃ are C₁ to C₂₀ alkyls or alkenes which may be the same or different. In one embodiment, the exfoliating agent is a long chain tertiary amine, wherein at least R₁ is a C₁₄ to C₂₀ alkyl or alkene.

Another class of swelling agents include those which can be covalently bonded to the interlayer surfaces. These include polysilanes of the structure —Si(R′)₂R² where R′ is the same or different at each occurrence and is selected from alkyl, alkoxy or oxysilane and R² is an organic radical compatible or soluble with the matrix polymer of the composite.

Other suitable swelling agents include protonated amino acids and salts thereof containing 2-30 carbon atoms such as 12-aminododecanoic acid, epsilon-caprolactam and like materials. Suitable swelling agents and processes for intercalating layered silicates are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,472,538; U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,734; U.S. Pat. No. 4,889,885; as well as WO92/02582.

In one embodiment of the invention, the exfoliating additive is combined with the halogenated terpolymer. In one embodiment, the additive includes all primary, secondary and tertiary amines and phosphines; alkyl and aryl sulfides and thiols; and their polyfunctional versions. Desirable additives include: long-chain tertiary amines such as N,N-dimethyl-octadecylamine, N,N-dioctadecyl-methylamine, so called dihydrogenated tallowalkyl-methylamine and the like, and amine-terminated polytetrahydrofuran; long-chain thiol and thiosulfate compounds like hexamethylene sodium thiosulfate. In another embodiment of the invention, improved interpolymer impermeability is achieved by the presence of polyfunctional curatives such as hexamethylene bis(sodium thiosulfate) and hexamethylene bis(cinnamaldehyde).

In yet another embodiment of the composition, the filler may be a mineral filler such as silica. A description of desirable mineral fillers is described by Walter H. Waddell and Larry R. Evans in RUBBER TECHNOLOGY, COMPOUNDING AND TESTING FOR PERFORMANCE 325-332 (John S. Dick, ed. Hanser Publishers 2001). Such mineral fillers include calcium carbonate and other alkaline earth and alkali metal carbonates, barium sulfate and other metal sulfates, ground crystalline silica, biogenic silica, such as from dolomite, kaolin clay and other alumina-silicate clays, talc and other magnesium-silica compounds, alumina, metal oxides such as titanium oxide and other Group 3-12 metal oxides, any of which named above can be precipitated by techniques known to those skilled in the art. Particularly desirable mineral fillers include precipitated silicas and silicates. Other suitable non-black fillers and processing agents (e.g., coupling agents) for these fillers are disclosed in the BLUE BOOK 275-302, 405-410 (Lippincott & Peto Publications, RubberWorld 2001).

When such mineral fillers are present, it is desirable to also include organosilane coupling agents. The coupling agent is typically a bifunctional organosilane cross-linking agent. By an “silane coupling agent” is meant any silane coupled filler and/or cross-linking activator and/or silane reinforcing agent known to those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, vinyl triethoxysilane, vinyl-tris-(beta-methoxyethoxy)silane, methacryloylpropyltrimethoxysilane, gamma-amino-propyl triethoxysilane (sold commercially as A1100 by Witco), gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (A189 by Witco) and the like, and mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, bis-(3(triethoxysilyl)-propyl)-tetrasulfane (sold commercially as Si69 by Degussa AG, Germany) is employed. Preferably, the organosilane-coupling agent composes from 2 to 15 weight percent, based on the weight of filler, of the elastomeric composition. More preferably, it composes from 4 to 12 weight percent of the filler.

The filler component of the elastomer composition may be present in a range from up to 120 phr in one embodiment, from up to 100 phr in another embodiment, and from up to 60 phr in yet another embodiment. In yet another embodiment, the filler is present from 5 phr to 80 phr, from 50 phr to 80 phr in yet another embodiment, from 20 phr to 80 phr in yet another embodiment, from 10 phr to 70 phr in yet another embodiment, from 50 phr to 70 phr in yet another embodiment, and from 60 phr to 90 phr in yet another embodiment, wherein a desirable range can by any combination of any upper phr limit and any lower phr limit.

Curing Agents and Accelerators

The compositions produced in accordance with the present invention typically contain other components and additives customarily used in rubber mixes, such as pigments, accelerators, cross-linking and curing materials, antioxidants, antiozonants, and fillers.

Generally, polymer compositions, for example, those used to produce tires, are crosslinked. It is known that the physical properties, performance characteristics, and durability of vulcanized rubber compounds are directly related to the number (crosslink density) and type of crosslinks formed during the vulcanization reaction. (See, e.g., W. Helt et al., The Post Vulcanization Stabilization for NR, RUBBER WORLD 18-23 (1991). Cross-linking and curing agents include sulfur, zinc oxide, and fatty acids. Peroxide cure systems may also be used.

More particularly, in a desirable embodiment of the composition of the invention, a “sulfur cure system” is present in the composition. The sulfur cure system of the present invention includes at least a sulfur compound such as elemental sulfur, and may include sulfur-based accelerators. Generally, the terpolymer compositions may be crosslinked by adding curative molecules, for example sulfur, metal oxides (e.g., zinc oxide), organometallic compounds, radical initiators, etc. followed by heating. In particular, the following are common curatives that will function in the present invention: ZnO, CaO, MgO, Al₂O₃, CrO₃, FeO, Fe₂O₃, and NiO. These metal oxides can be used in conjunction with the corresponding metal stearate complex (e.g., Zn(Stearate)₂, Ca(Stearate)₂, Mg(Stearate)₂, and Al(Stearate)₃), or with stearic acid, and either a sulfur compound or an alkylperoxide compound. (See also, Formulation Design and Curing Characteristics of NBR Mixes for Seals, RUBBER WORLD 25-30 (1993). This method may be accelerated and is often used for the vulcanization of elastomer compositions. The sulfur cure system of the present invention includes at least sulfur, typically elemental sulfur, and may also include the metal oxides, accelerators and phenolic resins disclosed herein.

Accelerators include amines, guanidines, thioureas, thiazoles, thiurams, sulfenamides, sulfenimides, thiocarbamates, xanthates, and the like. Acceleration of the cure process may be accomplished by adding to the composition an amount of the accelerant. The mechanism for accelerated vulcanization of natural rubber involves complex interactions between the curative, accelerator, activators and polymers. Ideally, all of the available curative is consumed in the formation of effective crosslinks which join together two polymer chains and enhance the overall strength of the polymer matrix. Numerous accelerators are known in the art and include, but are not limited to, the following: stearic acid, diphenyl guanidine (DPG), tetramethylthiuram disulfide (TMTD), 4,4′-dithiodimorpholine (DTDM), tetrabutylthiuram disulfide (TBTD), 2,2′-benzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS), hexamethylene-1,6-bisthiosulfate disodium salt dihydrate, 2-(morpholinothio) benzothiazole (MBS or MOR), compositions of 90% MOR and 10% MBTS (MOR 90), N-tertiarybutyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (TBBS), and N-oxydiethylene thiocarbamyl-N-oxydiethylene sulfonamide (OTOS), zinc 2-ethyl hexanoate (ZEH), N, N′-diethyl thiourea.

The compositions of the invention may also include processing oils and resins such as paraffinic, naphthenic or aliphatic resins and oils. Processing aids include, but are not limited to, plasticizers, tackifiers, extenders, chemical conditioners, homogenizing agents and peptizers such as mercaptans, petroleum and vulcanized vegetable oils, waxes, resins, rosins, and the like. The aid is typically present from1 to 70 phr in one embodiment, from 5 to 60 phr in another embodiment, and from 10 to 50 phr in yet another embodiment. Some commercial examples of processing aids are SUNDEX™ (Sun Chemicals) and FLEXON™ (ExxonMobil Chemical). Other suitable additives are described by Howard L. Stevens in RUBBER TECHNOLOGY 20-58 (1995), especially in Tables 2.15 and 2.18.

In one embodiment of the invention, at least one curing agent(s) is present from 0.2 to 15 phr, and from 0.5 to 10 phr in another embodiment, and from 2 phr to 8 phr in yet another embodiment. Curing agents include those components described above that facilitate or influence the cure of elastomers, such as metals, accelerators, sulfur, peroxides, and other agents common in the art.

Test Methods

Cure properties were measured using a MDR 2000 at the indicated temperature and 0.5 degree arc. Test specimens were cured at the indicated temperature, typically from 150° C. to 160° C., for a time (in minutes) corresponding to T90+ appropriate mold lag. When possible, standard ASTM tests were used to determine the cured compound physical properties. Stress/strain properties (tensile strength, elongation at break, modulus values, energy to break) were measured at room temperature using an Instron 4202 or Instron 4204. Shore A hardness was measured at room temperature by using a Zwick Duromatic. Abrasion loss was determined at room temperature by weight difference by using an APH-40 Abrasion Tester with rotating sample holder (5 N counter balance) and rotating drum. Weight losses were indexed to that of the standard DIN compound with lower losses indicative of a higher DIN abrasion resistance index. The weight losses can be measured with an error of ±5%.

Temperature-dependent (−80° C. to 60° C.) dynamic properties (G*, G′, G″ and tangent delta) were obtained using a Rheometrics ARES. A rectangular torsion sample geometry was tested at 1 or 10 Hz and 2% strain. The temperature-dependent tangent delta curve (such as generated in, e.g., FIG. 1) maximizes at a temperature affording information used to predict tire performance. The tangent delta values are measured with an error of ±5%, while the temperature is measured with an error of ±2%. Values of G″ or tangent delta measured in the range from −10° C. to 10° C. in laboratory dynamic testing can be used as predictors of tire wet traction, while values of from −20° C. to −40° C. are used to predict winter traction.

Gel permeation chromatography was used to determine molecular weight data for the terpolymers. The values of number average molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw) and peak molecular weight (Mp) obtained have an error of ±20%. The techniques for determining the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (MWD) are generally described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,540,753 to Cozewith et al. and references cited therein, and in Verstrate et al., 21 MACROMOLECULES 3360 (1988). In a typical measurement, a 3-column set is operated at 30° C. The elution solvent used may be stabilized tetrahydrofuran (THF), or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB). The columns are calibrated using polystyrene standards of precisely known molecular weights. A correlation of polystyrene retention volume obtained from the standards, to the retention volume of the polymer tested yields the polymer molecular weight.

¹H- and decoupled ¹³C-NMR spectroscopic analyses were run in either CDCl₃ or toluene-d₈ at ambient temperature using a field strength of 250 MHz (¹³C-63 MHz) or in tetrachloroethane-d₂ at 120° C. using a field strength of 500 MHz (¹³C-125 MHz) depending upon the sample's solubility. Incorporation (mol %) of isobutylene and isoprene into the terpolymers of all examples was determined by comparison the integration of the methyl proton resonances with those of the methylene proton resonances and resonances specific for the PMS.

Other test methods are summarized in Table 1.

EXAMPLES

The present invention, while not meant to be limiting by, may be better understood by reference to the following examples and Tables. The following symbols are used throughout this description to describe rubber components of the invention: IBIMS {terpolymer; poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene-co-isoprene)}; BrIBIMS {(brominated terpolymer; brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene-co-isoprene)}; IBMS {poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene)}; BrIBMS {brominated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene-co-p-bromomethylstyrene)}; SBB {brominated star branched butyl rubber}; BR {polybutadiene}; NR {natural rubber}; and SBR {styrene-butadiene rubber}.

The synthesis of the terpolymer useful in the invention was carried out in two sets of 6 sample batch runs, each set demonstrating the use of two different initiators. Tertiary-butylchloride (t-BuCl) was the initiator used in runs A-F, data for which is shown in Table 3A, and 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane (TMCPl) was the initiator used in runs G-L shown in Table 3B.

TMPCl was synthesized via reaction of diisobutylene (120 ml) and SOCl₂ (thionyl chloride, 80 ml) in 1 liter methylene chloride solvent at −35° C. overnight. The reaction was quenched by adding 64 g NaOH (in 800 ml water) to the reactor. The resulting crude TMPCl was washed with water until neutral and dried over MgSO₄ overnight. The dried TMPCl was then distilled over calcium hydride under vacuum. The reagents used were: methylene chloride (CH₂Cl₂) (Fisher Scientific); Diisobutylene (Aldrich, 97% purity); thionyl chloride (Aldrich, 97% purity); NaOH (Fisher Scientific); calcium chloride (Aldrich, 95% purity); MgSO₄ (Aldrich, 99% purity).

For the runs A-F, the batch experiments were 250 mL reactions in chloromethane at an initial temperature of −93° C. The initiator used in the examples was t-butylchloride (Aldrich Chemical Co.) and the Lewis acid catalyst used was 25 wt % solution of EADC (ethylaluminumdichloride) in heptane. The t-butylchloride initiator and EADC catalyst were pre-mixed at 3/1 molar ratio in chloromethane and diluted to a final total concentration of about 1 wt % solution in chloromethane.

The isobutylene used in the examples was dried by passing the isobutylene vapor through drying columns, and then condensed in a clean flask in a dry box prior to use. The p-methylstyrene and isoprene monomers used in the examples were distilled under vacuum to remove moisture and free radical inhibitor prior to use. The monomer feed blend used in the terpolymer synthesis of runs A-F was a 10 wt % total monomers in chloromethane with 80/10/10 wt % ratio of isobutylene/isoprene/p-methylstyrene.

The terpolymerization experiments were carried out in 500 ml glass reactors in a standard nitrogen atmosphere enclosure box (dry box) equipped with a cooling bath for low temperature reactions. Each polymerization batch used 250 ml of the monomer feed blend contained 80/10/10 wt % ratio of isobutylene/isoprene/p-methylstyrene at 10 wt % total monomers in chloromethane. After the monomer solution was cooled down to desired reaction temperature (<−90° C.), the pre-chilled initiator/catalyst mixture solution was added slowly to the reactor to initiate the polymerization. The rate of catalyst solution addition was controlled to avoid excessive temperature buildup in the reactor. Thus, catalyst was added incrementally to the bulk-phase within the reactor. The amount of total catalyst solution added was adjusted based on, among other factors, the accumulated temperature increases that correlates with amount of monomers consumed in the reactor. When desirable monomer conversion was reached (e.g., at least 50% conversion), a small amount of methanol was added to the reactor to quench the polymerization reactions. The terpolymer was then isolated and dried in a vacuum oven for analysis.

The molecular weight and molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) of the resultant terpolymers were analyzed by standard Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) techniques known in the art (described above). The GPC analysis results of the terpolymers are shown in Table 3. The mole % ratios of monomer derived units in the final terpolymers obtained by standard proton NMR technique are also shown in Table 3A. The composite amount of unsaturated groups (also corresponding to the level of isoprene {IP}) in the terpolymer of runs A-F is 4.14 mole %. The composite amount of PMS in the final terpolymer of runs A-F is 4.64 mole %.

Bromination of the A-F terpolymer composite was carried out in standard round bottomed flasks using 5 wt % terpolymer solution in cyclohexane. In order to minimize free radical bromination, the reactor was completely shielded from light and a small amount (about 200 ppm based on polymer charge) of BHT free radical inhibitor was added in the polymer solution. A 10 wt % bromine solution in cyclohexane was prepared and transferred into a graduated addition funnel attached to the reactor. Desired amount of the bromine solution was then added dropwise into the terpolymer solution with vigorous agitation. The bromination reaction was quenched with excessive caustic solution 2-5 minutes after the bromine addition was completed. The excess caustic in the neutralized terpolymer solution was then washed with fresh water in separatory funnel several times. The brominated terpolymer was isolated by solvent precipitation in methanol and then dried in vacuum oven at moderate temperature overnight.

Bromination resulted mostly in bromination of the unsaturation in the backbone of the terpolymer, with some bromination of the PMS. The level of bromine in the composite sample on the backbone is 0.80 mole %, and 0.06 mole % on the PMS as determined by NMR. The composite sample was then subjected to a second bromination similar to above, resulting in a composite backbone bromine level of 1.19 mole %, a PMS bromine level of 0.41 mole %, and a total bromination level of 1.68 mole % (±10%). This composite sample was used in the cure and composition studies to follow.

For the runs G-L, the batch experiments were 200 mL runs in chloromethane at an initial temperature of −93° C. Other conditions were similar to that for runs A-F. The catalyst solution in chloromethane had a ratio of EADC:TMPCl of 2 (by mole), and the monomer feed ratio was 85/5/10 wt % ratio of isobutylene/isoprene/p-methylstyrene at 10 wt % total monomers in chloromethane. The batch polymerization processes of runs G-L demonstrate the useful of using halogenated organic compounds, especially secondary or tertiary halogenated compounds described in structures (A) through (D) above, as initiators in the production of butyl-type rubbers, and especially butyl-type terpolymers such as IBIMS.

In demonstrating the cure characteristics of the IBIMS, the A-F composite, and other comparative compounds, were mixed in two stages using a Haake Rheomix™ 600 internal mixer. Elastomers, fillers, and processing oil were mixed in the first step. The second step consisted of mixing the first step masterbatch and adding all other chemical ingredients. Mixing continued for three minutes or until a temperature of 110° C. was reached. An open two-roll mill was used to sheet out the stocks after each Haake mixing step.

Examples of the compositions used to study the cure characteristics of the terpolymer are found in Table 4, the properties of which are summarized in Tables 5A and 5B. Samples 1-9 represent the terpolymer in comparison with other known rubbers. Each sample 1-9 includes 75 phr carbon black, N234; 30 phr SUNDEX™; 1.5 phr SANTOFLEX™; 1 phr Agerite Resin D; 2 phr zinc oxide; 1 phr stearic acid; and 1.2 phr TBBS. The BrIBMS is EXXPRO™ 90-10, and the IBMS is from ExxonMobil Chemical Company, a copolymer having the same backbone structure as the EXXPRO™ 90-10, without the p-bromomethylstyrene derived units. The samples were cured by heating to 160° C. for a time in minutes corresponding to T90+5 minutes. Compounds 3-7 did not cure. The properties of compounds 1, 2, 8 and 9 were tested, the results of which are in Tables 5A and 5B.

It was demonstrated that sulfur, in the presence of other cure agents, effectively cures the terpolymer IBIMS. Further, it was found that the abrasion resistance, as measured by the ARI, improves for IBIMS when a brominated phenolic resin, in the present case SP-1055, is added as part of a cure system (Sample 8). On the other hand, the IBIMS, as well as the IBMS, did not cure effectively without the presence of sulfur (Samples 3-7). The comparison of the two polymers suggests that the presence of backbone unsaturation provided by the isoprene derived units is advantageous for vulcanization.

The usefulness of the BrIBIMS terpolymer of the invention in various compositions is demonstrated in examples 10-16, Table 6. Here, various elastomers were combined with carbon black, cure agents, BR, and NR to simulate formulations that could be suitable, for example, for tire treads and sidewalls. Each of examples 10-16 also includes 75 phr carbon black, N234; 30 phr SUNDEX™; 1.5 phr SANTOFLEX™; 1 phr Agerite Resin D; 2 phr zinc oxide; 1 phr stearic acid; 0.8 phr sulfur; and 1.2 phr TBBS. The BrIBMS is EXXPRO™ 90-10, and the IBMS from ExxonMobil Chemical Company, Houston Tex. The samples were blended and cured at 160° C. as described above. The samples 10-16 were tested and their various properties are outlined in Tables 7A and 7B.

These examples indicate that compositions of the BrIBIMS have improved abrasion resistance and traction relative to, for example, BrIBMS, and approaching that of SBR. More specifically, referring to the abrasion ARI values for each of the sample compositions, it is apparent that sample 12 shows the highest value other than the SBR composition of example 16, which is known to have relatively high abrasion resistance. The ARI values for the brominated terpolymer compositions of the invention are an improvement over the other elastomers tested. In one embodiment, the abrasion resistance of the halogenated terpolymer including at least carbon black is greater than 90 units, and greater than 95 units in another embodiment, and greater than 100 units in yet another embodiment.

Surprisingly, along with the improved abrasion values for the brominated terpolymer composition was an improved traction as measured by the tangent delta. These values are exemplified in Table 8, and in FIG. 1. In particular, the halogenated terpolymer compositions with carbon black show potentially improved winter and wet traction as indicated by the higher tangent delta values from −40° C. to 10° C. In one embodiment, the halogenated terpolymer compositions including carbon black as the filler have a tangent delta value of from greater than 0.50 at −30° C., and from greater than 0.55 at −30° C. in another embodiment, and from greater than 0.60 at −30° C. in yet another embodiment, exemplifying improved winter traction. In another embodiment of the composition of the invention, the tangent delta values are from greater than 0.38 at 0° C., and from greater than 0.40 at 0° C. in another embodiment, and from greater than 0.42 at 0° C. in yet another embodiment, exemplifying improved wet traction. These results indicate that compositions of the halogenated, and in particular, brominated terpolymer and other elastomeric components are suitable for automotive tire components, in particular, sidewalls and/or treads.

Compositions of the terpolymer (BrIBIMS) with silica were also studied, the compositions outlined in Table 9, and the test results outlined in Tables 10A and 10B. These studies show that silica and a coupling agent can be used in a composition with the terpolymer, and that a silica/coupling agent/carbon black blend (sample 19) showed the most desirable physical characteristics relative to the sample 17 and 18 with silica and coupling agent only. The X50-S agent is a 1:1 blend, in solid form, of bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide:N330 carbon black. The bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide is otherwise known as “Si69”. The presence of this agent in the 50/50 wt % carbon black/silica blend of sample 19 shows improved abrasion and elongation relative to the samples 17 and 18 without the carbon black. Thus, compositions suitable for tire treads including silica and the terpolymer of the invention are also practical.

In one embodiment of the invention, the composition includes a silica filler with a silane coupling agent. In yet another embodiment, the composition includes a blend of carbon black and silica with a silane coupling agent, wherein the blend can range from 10 wt % to 90 wt % carbon black by weight of the carbon black and silica blend in one embodiment, and from 20 wt % to 80 wt % carbon black in another embodiment, and from 30 wt % to 70 wt % carbon black in yet another embodiment, and from 40 wt % to 60 wt % carbon black in yet another embodiment, and 50 wt % carbon black in yet another embodiment. It is also advantageous to include an agent such as X50-S from 2 to 10 phr of the entire composition.

The elastomeric compositions of the present invention may be used for the production of tires and tire components such as treads for any type of rubber tires, for example, motor vehicle tires, such as passenger automobile tires, truck tires, motorcycle tires, and the like. The tires typically comprise an outer surface having a tread portion and sidewalls. The composition of the present invention may be used to produce at least a part of the tread portion or sidewall. The tire, including the tread portion, may be produced by any conventional method. The elastomeric composition described herein are also useful for any application where high damping and/or high abrasion resistance is desired such as in bicycle tires, vibration mounts, shoe soles, hoses, belts, windshield wipers, and other engineered elastomeric articles.

For example, one embodiment of the invention is a tire including a tread and a sidewall made from blending the terpolymer, natural rubber, polybutadiene rubber, carbon black and a sulfur cure agent in desirable quantities as described above. In particular, the BrIBIMS may be present from 10 to 50 phr in the tread composition, natural rubber may be present from 5 to 50 phr of the tread composition, and polybutadiene rubber may be present from 10 to 60 phr of the tread composition, while a filler such as carbon black or carbon black/silica blends, or silica may be present from 30 to 100 phr of the composition. The tread may also include other components such as a sulfur cure system, processing oils and accelerators, etc.

Another embodiment of the invention includes a tread or sidewall made from blending the terpolymer, natural rubber, polybutadiene rubber, carbon black and a sulfur cure agent in as follows: BrIBIMS may be present from 25 to 45 phr in the tread composition, natural rubber may be present from 10 to 30 phr of the tread composition, and polybutadiene rubber may be present from 30 to 60 phr of the tread composition, while a filler such as carbon black may be present from 50 to 75 phr of the composition. The tread may also include other components such as a sulfur cure system, processing oils and accelerators, etc.

While the present invention has been described and illustrated by reference to particular embodiments, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the invention lends itself to many different variations not illustrated herein. For these reasons, then, reference should be made solely to the appended claims for purposes of determining the true scope of the present invention.

All priority documents are herein fully incorporated by reference for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted. Further, all documents cited herein, including testing procedures, are herein fully incorporated by reference for all jurisdictions in which such incorporation is permitted.

TABLE 1 Test Methods Parameter Units Test Mooney Viscosity (BIMS polymer) ML 1 + 8, 125° C., MU ASTM D 1646 (modified) Mooney Viscosity (composition) ML 1 + 4, 100° C., MU ASTM D 1646 Brittleness ° C. ASTM D 746 Green Strength (100% Modulus) PSI ASTM D 412 Mooney Scorch Time T_(S)5, 125° C., minutes ASTM D 1646 Oscillating Disk Rheometer (MDR) @ 160° C., ± 0.5°arc ML dNewton · m MH dNewton · m T_(S)2 minute T_(C)90 minute Cure rate dN · m/minute ASTM D 2084 Physical Properties press cured Tc 90 + 2 min @ 160° C. Hardness Shore A ASTM D 2240 Modulus MPa ASTM D 412-68 Tensile Strength MPa Elongation at Break % Rebound — Zwick 5901.01 Rebound Tester ASTM D1054 or ISO 4662 or DIN 53512 Dispersion D scale — DisperGrader 1000 (Optigrade, Sweden) Abrasion Resistance (ARI) — ISO 4649 or DIN 53516 Energy N/mm Area under the Elongation at break curve. Tangent Delta — Rheometrics ARES

TABLE 2 Components and Commercial Sources Component Brief Description Commercial Source AgeRite ™ Resin D antioxidant, polymerized 1,2- R.T. Vanderbilt (Norwalk, CT) dihydro-2,24- trimethylquinoline Bromobutyl ™ 2222 brominated Poly(isobutylene- ExxonMobil Chemical co-isoprene); Mooney Company (Houston, TX) Viscosity (1 + 8, 125° C.) of from 27-37 MU; 2 wt % Br Budene ™ 1207 polybutadiene Goodyear (Akron, OH) Butyl ™ 365 poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene), ExxonMobil Chemical Mooney viscosity of 43-51 Company (Houston, TX) MU (1 + 8, 125° C.) EADC ethyl aluminum dichloride AKZO Nobel Chemical EXXPRO ™ 90-10 7.5 wt % PMS, 1.2 mol % ExxonMobil Chemical BrPMS, Mooney viscosity of Company (Houston, TX) 45 ± 5 MU (1 + 8, 125° C.) isobutylene monomer ExxonMobil Chemical Company (Houston, TX) isoprene monomer Aldrich Chemical Company natural rubber, SMR 20 naturally occurring polymer of Herman Webber & CO. cis-polyisoprene (Redbank, New Jersey) p-methylstyrene (PMS) monomer Aldrich Chemical Company SANTOFLEX ™ 13 antiozonate Flexsys America L.P. (Akron, OH) SP-1055 brominated phenol- Schenectady International formaldehyde resin (Schenectady, NY) SBB star-branched butyl rubber ExxonMobil Chemical 6222; 2 wt % Br Company (Houston, TX) SBR, NSI16 styrene butadiene rubber, 20 Zeon Corporation (Japan) wt % styrene, 45 Mooney viscosity silica, ZEOSIL ™ 1165 MP amorphous precipitated silica Rhodia, Inc. (Cranbury, NJ) stearic acid cure agent e.g., C.K. Witco Corp. (Taft, LA) sulfur cure agent e.g., R.E. Carroll (Trenton, NJ) SUNDEX ™ 8125 processing oil, aromatic, ASTM Sun Chemical Co. (Cincinnati, 101 OH) TBBS cure agent, N-tertiarybutyl-2- Flexsys America L.P. (Akron, benzothiazole sulfenamide OH) TMPCl 2-chloro-2,4,4- See text trimethylpentane IBMS copolymer of isobutylene and ExxonMobil Chemical p-methylstyrene Company (Houston, TX) X50-S Si69, 50 wt % carbon black Degussa AG (Germany) blend zinc oxide, KADOX ™ 930C cure agent, ZnO Zinc Corp. of America (Monaca, PA)

TABLE 3A Reaction conditions and results for runs A-F to produce terpolymer using t-butylchloride as the initiator. Composite condition A B C D E F (A-F) Moles monomer 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 0.390 — Volume Catalyst 48.0 66.0 75.5 50.0 51.5 65.5 — solution added (mL)† Change in 9.9 9.7 8.8 9.6 9.1 9.8 — temperature, ° C. Reaction time (min) 20.8 20.8 20.5 18.0 15.0 17.5 — % conversion 64.72 68.40 69.24 61.64 58.68 59.68 — Mn 91,600 82,800 75,100 94,100 93,400 82,300 — Mw 250,500 239,000 241,800 246,500 241,700 247,100 — Mp — 162,200 145,700 168,900 175,900 158,900 — Mw/Mn 2.73 2.89 3.22 2.62 2.59 3.00 — Mole % unsaturated — — — — — — 4.14 groups (IP), H¹ NMR mole % PMS in — — — — — — 4.64 interpolymer, H¹ NMR †Catalyst solution was 1.0 wt % EADC and t-BuCl mixture in chloromethane, wherein the EADC/t-BuCl molar ratio was 3:1.

TABLE 3B Reaction conditions and results for runs G-L to produce terpolymer using TMPCl as the initiator. condition G H I J K L Moles PMS feed 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.06 5.06 Moles isoprene feed 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.39 4.39 Volume Catalyst 35.0 20.0 15.0 30.0 40.0 25.0 solution added (mL)† Monomer/initiator 2876 5032 6710 3355 2516 4026 Change in 11.0 6.9 6.1 11.2 10.7 7.7 temperature, ° C. Reaction time (min) 106.8 14.4 10.8 12.0 33.6 21.6 % conversion 50.73 31.63 19.43 45.93 50.20 28.77 Mn 199,200 209,300 185,300 151,600 164,300 194,700 Mw 498,900 538,200 532,000 482,900 536,600 527,200 Mp 374,000 380,000 424,000 386,000 351,200 404,700 Mw/Mn 2.50 2.57 2.87 3.19 3.27 2.71 Mole % unsaturated 1.85 — 1.91 — — — groups (IP), H¹ NMR mole % PMS in 3.94 — 3.92 — — — interpolymer, H¹ NMR †The catalyst solution was a 0.2 wt % solution of EADC and TMPCl in chloromethane, wherein the EADC: TMPCl mole ratio was 2.

TABLE 4 Components of cure examples¹ Component (phr) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 BrIBMS² 100 100 — — — — — — — IBMS — — 100 100 100 100 — — — IBIMS — — — — — — 100 100 100 sulfur — 0.8 — — 0.8 0.8 — 0.8 0.8 SP-1055 — — — 3 — 3 — 3 — ¹Each sample 1-9 also includes 75 phr carbon black, N234; 30 phr SUNDEX ™; 1.5 phr SANTOFLEX ™ 13; 1 phr Agerite Resin D; 2 phr zinc oxide; 1 phr stearic acid; and 1.2 phr TBBS. ²EXXPRO ™ 90-10.

TABLE 5A Properties of cure examples property 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MDR 160° C., 0.5 Arc: ML, dN · m 8.24 7.89 2.79 2.15 2.81 2.25 1.61 1.53 1.75 MH, dN · m 21.91 18.62 2.80 2.31 3.08 2.48 1.63 6.59 9.69 MH-ML, dN · m 13.67 11.23 0.01 0.17 0.27 0.24 0.02 5.06 7.94 Ts2, min 0.47 0.93 0 0 0 0 0 9.75 6.4 T25, min 0.8 1.16 29.49 1.09 2.05 5.38 29.3 7.1 6.37 T50, min 1.8 2.21 29.49 3.31 4.09 10.68 29.3 12 9.28 T75, min 3.32 3.6 29.49 7.13 7.58 17.89 29.3 18.95 13.91 T90, min 5.09 5.28 29.49 14.42 12.46 22.09 29.3 24.64 18.87 T95, min 6.32 6.57 29.49 18.58 14.17 24.83 29.3 27.04 21.68 Rate, dN · m/min 17.9 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0 0.5 1.2

TABLE 5B Properties of cure examples property 1 2 3* 4* 5* 6* 7* 8 9  20% Modulus 1.12 1.13 — — — — — 0.71 0.69 100% Modulus 6.01 6.13 — — — — — 0.88 1.12 200% Modulus 12.88 12.91 — — — — — 1.20 2.02 300% Modulus — — — — — — — 1.75 3.30 Tensile 13.92 14.44 — — — — — 6.35 9.59 Elongation 224 242 — — — — — 893 788 Energy 5.23 6.00 — — — — — 8.06 11.31 Shore A Hardness at 23° C. 65.3 59.3 — — — — — 49.1 54.3 DIN Abrasion Index 71 68 — — — — — 57 45 Dispersion D scale 9.4 9.1 — — — — — 9.1 7.8 Rebound %, 100° C. 44 44.4 — — — — — 30 30.1 Rebound %, 25° C. 22.1 21.9 — — — — — 13.9 22.1 *No measurements taken due to insufficient cure.

TABLE 6 Components in composition examples¹ Component (phr) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 BrIBMS² 40 — — — — — — IBMS — 40 — — — — — BrIBIMS — — 40 — — — — IBIMS — — — 40 — — — SBB 6222 — — — — 40 — — Butyl 365 — — — — — 40 — SBR — — — — — — 40 cis-BR 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 NR 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ¹Each sample 10-16 also includes 75 phr carbon black, N234; 30 phr SUNDEX ™; 1.5 phr SANTOFLEX ™; 1 phr Agerite Resin D; 2 phr zinc oxide; 1 phr stearic acid; 0.8 phr sulfur; and 1.2 phr TBBS. ²EXXPRO ™ 90-10.

TABLE 7A Properties of composition examples Property 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 MDR 160° C., 0.5° arc ML, dN · m 5.55 5.29 4.8 4.55 4.73 4.9 4.27 MH, dN · m 17.17 14.78 13.1 13.74 13.98 14.27 13.61 MH-ML, 11.62 9.49 8.3 9.19 9.26 9.37 9.35 dN · m Ts2, min 3.13 4.03 4.37 4.06 4.38 4.13 4.91 T25, min 3.7 4.15 4.43 4.16 4.54 4.25 5.09 T50, min 4.68 4.72 6.59 4.71 5.48 4.86 6.04 T75, min 6.09 5.42 10.75 5.39 6.75 5.6 7.31 T90, min 8.17 6.29 16.85 6.24 8.5 6.5 9.07 T95, min 9.71 6.89 21.08 6.82 9.75 7.13 10.41 Rate, dN · m/min 3.3 4.5 1.1 4.4 2.6 4.2 2.5

TABLE 7B Properties of composition examples Property 10 11 12 13 14 15 16  20% Modulus 0.81 0.77 0.81 0.73 0.79 0.74 0.75 100% Modulus 2.32 1.80 1.73 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.44 200% Modulus 5.80 4.20 3.63 3.74 3.52 3.78 2.83 300% Modulus 10.29 7.38 6.58 6.82 6.48 6.83 5.32 Tensile 16.22 12.03 12.45 11.65 14.04 11.29 14.93 Elongation 459 491 528 495 598 479 678 Energy 10.58 8.42 9.45 8.25 11.83 7.60 14.05 Shore A Hardness at 58.3 53.7 55.9 54.7 55.9 53.1 54.5 23° C. DIN Abrasion Index 96 79 104 74 96 73 125 Dispersion D scale 8.6 8.9 8.2 8.8 7.8 7.3 8 Rebound %, 100° C. 44.2 43.4 40.4 42.5 41.4 42.7 41.9 Rebound %, 25° C. 31.6 32.6 31.7 32.8 33.3 34.6 41

TABLE 8 Representative Tangent Delta values for the elastomers in FIG. 1 Tan Delta values at given temperatures, ° C. BrIBIMS BrIBMS SBB SBR 10 0.397 0.315 0.369 0.326 0 0.420 0.364 0.379 0.343 −10 0.472 0.438 0.412 0.359 −20 0.570 0.546 0.476 0.379 −30 0.651 0.637 0.576 0.429 −40 0.567 0.594 0.679 0.532

TABLE 9 Components in silica composition examples¹ Component 17 18 19 BrIBMS² 40 — — BrIBIMS — 40 40 NR 20 20 20 cis-BR 40 40 40 silica (ZEOSIL ™ 1165 MP) 75 75 37.5 carbon black (N234) — — 37.5 X50-S  9  9 4.5 ¹Each sample 17-19 also includes 30 phr SUNDEX ™; 1.5 phr SANTOFLEX ™; 1 phr Agerite Resin D; 2 phr zinc oxide; 1 phr stearic acid; 0.8 phr sulfur; and 1.2 phr TBBS. ²EXXPRO ™ 90-10.

TABLE 10A Properties of silica composition examples Property 17 18 19 MDR 2 160° C., 0.5° Arc, ML, 8.56 6.73 6.04 dN · m MH, dN · m 16.08 14.41 13.21 MH-ML, dN · m 7.52 7.68 7.17 Ts2, min 1.06 0.52 0.55 T25, min 0.94 0.47 0.44 T50, min 4.29 2.87 2.74 T75, min 12.81 10.53 10.51 T90, min 21.43 19.49 19.64 T95, min 25.36 24.04 24.31 Rate, dN · m/min 8.56 6.73 6.04

TABLE 10B Properties of silica composition examples Property 17 18 19  20% Modulus 0.84 0.78 0.73 100% Modulus 2.20 1.59 1.41 200% Modulus 4.96 3.10 2.52 300% Modulus ‡ 4.97 3.82 Tensile 7.12 5.65 4.81 Elongation 273 343 386 Energy 2.56 2.88 2.90 Shore A Hardness at 23° C. 59.5 54.3 55.1 DIN Abrasion Index 78 69 88 Dispersion D scale 6.1 5.2 5.3 Rebound %, 100° C. 55.3 46.4 46.6 Rebound %, 25° C. 37.8 34.2 34.8 ‡ sample broke. 

1. An elastomeric composition comprising a filler; a sulfur cure system; at least one secondary rubber; and at least one terpolymer of C₄ to C₈ isoolefin derived units, C₄ to C₁₄ multiolefin derived units, and p-alkylstyrene derived units.
 2. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the cure system includes at least one metal oxide, elemental sulfur, and optionally at least one accelerator.
 3. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the filler is selected from carbon black, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, clay, mica, talc, titanium dioxide, starch, wood flower, and mixtures thereof.
 4. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the secondary rubber is selected from natural rubber, polybutadiene rubber, and mixtures thereof.
 5. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the secondary rubber is selected from nitrile rubber, silicon rubber, polyisoprene rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) rubber, poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, brominated butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, halogenated isoprene, halogenated isobutylene copolymers, polychloroprene, star-branched butyl rubber, star-branched halogenated (preferably brominated or chlorinated) butyl rubber, poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) rubber; halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) and mixtures thereof.
 6. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the C₄ to C₈ isoolefin monomer is isobutylene.
 7. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the C₄ to C₁₄ multiolefin monomer is isoprene.
 8. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the p-alkylstyrene is p-methylstyrene.
 9. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the terpolymer is halogenated.
 10. The elastomeric composition of claim 9, wherein the halogen is present in the terpolymer in the range of from 0.1 mole % to 2.5 mole % based on the total moles of monomer derived units in the terpolymer.
 11. The elastomeric composition of claim 9, wherein the halogen is present in the terpolymer in the range of from 0.2 mole % to 2 mole % based on the total moles of monomer derived units in the terpolymer.
 12. The elastomeric composition of claim 9, wherein the terpolymer is brominated.
 13. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the secondary rubber is present from 5 to 90 phr.
 14. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the terpolymer is present from 10 to 100 phr.
 15. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the filler is carbon black, and the terpolymer is halogenated.
 16. The elastomeric composition of claim 15, having a DIN Abrasion Index of at least 90 units.
 17. The elastomeric composition of claim 15, having a tangent delta value of at least 0.50 at −30° C.
 18. The elastomeric composition of claim 15, having a tangent delta value of at least 0.38 at 0° C.
 19. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the filler is from 5 to 100 phr.
 20. The elastomeric composition of claim 1, wherein the filler is a blend of carbon black and silica.
 21. An elastomeric composition comprising at least one filler; a sulfur cure system; and at least one terpolymer of C₄ to C₈ isoolefin derived units, C₄ to C₁₄ multiolefin derived units, and p-alkylstyrene derived units.
 22. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the cure system includes at least one metal oxide, elemental sulfur, and optionally at least one accelerator.
 23. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the filler is selected from carbon black, silica, alumina, calcium carbonate, clay, mica, talc, titanium dioxide, starch, wood flower, and mixtures thereof.
 24. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the filler is a blend of carbon black and silica.
 25. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, further comprising a secondary rubber, wherein the secondary rubber is selected from natural rubber, polybutadiene rubber, and mixtures thereof.
 26. The elastomeric composition of claim 25, wherein the secondary rubber is selected from nitrile rubber, silicon rubber, polyisoprene rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene) rubber, poly(isoprene-co-butadiene) rubber, styrene-isoprene-butadiene rubber, ethylene-propylene rubber, brominated butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, halogenated isoprene, halogenated isobutylene copolymers, polychloroprene, star-branched butyl rubber, star-branched halogenated butyl rubber, poly(isobutylene-co-isoprene) rubber; halogenated poly(isobutylene-co-p-methylstyrene) and mixtures thereof.
 27. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the C₄ to C₈ isoolefin monomer is isobutylene.
 28. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the C₄ to C₁₄ multiolefin monomer is isoprene.
 29. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the p-alkylstyrene is p-methylstyrene.
 30. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the terpolymer is halogenated.
 31. The elastomeric composition of claim 30, wherein the halogen is present in the terpolymer in the range of from 0.1 mole % to 2.5 mole % based on the total moles of monomer derived units in the terpolymer.
 32. The elastomeric composition of claim 30, wherein the halogen is present in the terpolymer in the range of from 0.2 mole % to 2 mole % based on the total moles of monomer derived units in the terpolymer.
 33. The elastomeric composition of claim 30, wherein the terpolymer is brominated.
 34. The elastomeric composition of claim 25, wherein the secondary rubber is present from 5 to 90 phr.
 35. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the terpolymer is present from 20 to 100 phr.
 36. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the filler is carbon black and the terpolymer is halogenated.
 37. The elastomeric composition of claim 36, having a DIN Abrasion Index of at least 90 units.
 38. The elastomeric composition of claim 36, having a tangent delta: value of at least 0.50 at −30° C.
 39. The elastomeric composition of claim 36, having a tangent delta value of at least 0.38 at 0° C.
 40. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the filler is from 5 to 80 phr.
 41. The elastomeric composition of claim 21, wherein the filler is from 50 to 80 phr. 